Diffuser Assembly

ABSTRACT

A diffuser assembly is provided, comprising a diffuser adapted to reside within a conduit, having an upper member mountable within the conduit and having a fluid inlet port, and a lower section having a diffuser screen; a plurality of stationary diffusing members below the fluid inlet port, wherein the diffusing members are radially oriented relative to a central axis of the diffuser; and (c) a centralizing member above the diffuser screen having a diameter greater than the diffuser screen. The diffuser screen is a cylinder having a plurality of diffuser slots formed therein and a bottom cap having a fluid port; and each of the plurality of diffusing members extends substantially parallel to the central axis. The diffuser assembly may be positioned in different locations, including within a downhole carrier sub inside a well bore, within a drill pipe at the rig floor, or within a conduit in fluid communication between a mixing tank and a pump.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/105,556, filed onAug. 20, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No.15/061,493, filed on Mar. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,053,960.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in part to devices and methods used in oiland gas drilling operations to diffuse aggregations of lost circulationmaterials (LCM) which are used to resolve lost circulation and fluidlosses, and more particularly to such devices which include elements forbreaking down larger masses of LCM during the diffusion step.

2. Prior Art

When drilling oil and gas wells, under proper conditions during thedrilling process, drilling fluids and drill cuttings are circulated awayfrom the drill bit into the annulus around the drill stem and brought tothe surface. Such drilling fluids are also important for providinghydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into thewell bore, keeping the drill bit cool and clean during drilling, andsuspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused and when thedrilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. Because propercirculation is critical to the drilling process, any lost circulation isa significant problem that must be overcome for drilling to recommence.

Lost circulation is the partial or complete loss of drilling fluid orcement slurry to the formation during drilling or cementing operationsor both. Lost circulation can be brought on by natural causes, such asnaturally fractured formations or unconsolidated zones, or inducedcauses, such as when the hydrostatic fluid column pressure exceeds thefracture gradient of the formation and the formation pores break downenough to receive (rather than resist) the fluid. When lost circulationoccurs, it typically results in the new expenditure of time and mud orcement, adding substantially to the overall cost of a well.

The consequences of lost circulation can be as little as the loss of afew dollars of drilling fluid, or as disastrous as a blowout and loss oflife. If the amount of fluid in the well bore drops due to lostcirculation (or any other reason), hydrostatic pressure is reduced,which can allow a gas or fluid which is under a higher pressure than thereduced hydrostatic pressure to flow into the well bore. Anotherconsequence of lost circulation is dry drilling. Dry drilling occurswhen fluid is completely lost from the well bore without actual drillingcoming to a stop. The effects of dry drilling range from as minor asdestroying a bit to as serious as major damage to the well borerequiring a new well to be drilled. Dry drilling can also cause severedamage to the drill string, including snapping the pipe, and thedrilling rig itself.

Lost circulation material (LCM) is the collective term for substancesadded to drilling fluids when drilling fluids are being lost to theformations downhole. Commonly used LCM types include fibrous (cedarbark, shredded cane stalks, mineral fiber and hair), flaky (mica flakesand pieces of plastic or cellophane sheeting) or granular (ground andsized limestone or marble, wood, nut hulls, Formica, corncobs and cottonhulls). The LCM, in combination with other fluids with increasedviscosity, are used to fill fractures and heal the loss zone quickly.

As the LCM is delivered to the loss zone, accumulations and aggregationsof the LCM can occur which may obstruct the necessary flow of fluids tothe site. Therefore, it is desirable to prevent such obstructions bydiffusing such aggregations or “clumps” as early and as quickly aspossible. Given the nature of some types of LCM and their tendency toaggregate into such clumps, one solution is to cause such clumps tocontact blades or cutters placed into the fluid path, but while notsubstantially decreasing the proper fluid flow during the healingprocess of the loss zone.

In addition to diffusion near the loss zone, there is also a need fordiffusion of LCM clumps that form as the fluids are delivered throughthe drill pipe at the rig floor, as well as diffusion of LCM clumpswhich may form after leaving the mixing tank where the LCM is added tothe drilling fluids. Furthermore, once drilling operations areconcluded, the diffuser can also be deployed in various locations forLCM diffusion in completion and workover operations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide adiffuser assembly, comprising a diffuser adapted to reside within aconduit, having an upper mounting member mountable within the conduitand having an fluid inlet port, and a lower section having a diffuserscreen; and a plurality of diffusing members radially oriented relativeto a central axis of the diffuser.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a diffuserassembly, wherein the diffuser screen is a cylinder having a pluralityof diffuser slots formed therein and a bottom cap having a fluid port.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a diffuserassembly, wherein each of the plurality of diffusing members includes adiffusing edge.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a diffuserassembly, wherein a first set of diffusing members is mounted at a firstselected height along the central axis of the diffuser screen, andwherein a second set of diffusing members is mounted at a secondselected height along the central axis of the diffuser screen. Thediffusing members may be mounted to the diffuser screen such that thediffusing edges are either internal or external to the diffuser screen.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a diffuserassembly, which further includes a plurality of centralizing membersadjacent to the diffuser screen.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a diffuserassembly that can be positioned in different locations, including withina downhole carrier sub inside a well bore, within a drill pipe at therig floor, or within a conduit in fluid communication between a mixingtank and a pump.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages ofthe present invention, reference should be had to the following detaileddescription, read in conjunction with the following drawings, whereinlike reference numerals denote like elements.

FIG. 1 shows a side sectional view of a carrier sub, such as astabilizer or other type of downhole sub, containing a preferredembodiment of a diffuser screen of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a side view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a bottom view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows a top view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 1depicting the screening cylinder having internal cutters.

FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 1 withoutthe screening cylinder to better depict the placement of the internalcutters.

FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the diffuser screen havingexternal cutters and a lower slotted screening cylinder.

FIG. 8 shows a bottom view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows a top view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 7depicting the screening cylinder having external cutters.

FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 7without the screening cylinder to better depict the placement of theexternal cutters.

FIG. 12 shows a further alternate embodiment of the diffuser screenhaving external cutters and a lower screening constructed from verticalrods.

FIG. 13 shows a bottom view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 shows a top view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 12depicting the screening cylinder having external cutters.

FIG. 16 shows a perspective view of the diffuser screen of FIG. 12without the screening cylinder to better depict the placement of theexternal cutters.

FIG. 17 shows the diffuser deployed within a stabilizer.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show retrievable and nonretrievable diffusers deployedwithin a section of drill pipe at the rig floor.

FIG. 19 shows the diffuser deployed within a conduit between a drillingfluid mixing tank and a pump.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the subject invention is further described, it is to beunderstood that the invention is not limited to the particularembodiments of the invention described below, as variations of theparticular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope ofthe appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminologyemployed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and isnot intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present inventionwill be established by the appended claims.

In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical andscientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs. Unless otherwise specified herein, all materials ofconstruction are preferably steel resistant to the corrosive effectscommon in oil and gas production environments. As used herein the term“conduit” shall mean any tubular member into which the diffuser 1 can beinstalled for the purpose of allowing LCM-containing fluid to flowthrough the conduit and be broken apart, or diffused, by the diffuser 1.Non-limiting examples of conduits may be a carrier sub, drill pipe,stabilizer, or other tubular member such as shown in the figures.

Turning now to the figures, a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention is shown in FIGS. 1-6 as a diffuser assembly 1 comprising adiffuser 2 adapted to reside within a conduit in the form of a carriersub 3, having an upper mounting member 4 mountable within the carriersub 3 and having an fluid inlet port 5, and a lower section having adiffuser screen 6. As shown in more detail in FIGS. 4 and 6, a pluralityof cutters 7 are removably attached to the diffuser screen 6, whereinthe cutters 7 are radially oriented relative to a central axis 8 of thediffuser screen 6. The diffuser screen 6 is a cylinder having aplurality of diffuser slots 9 formed therein and a bottom cap 10 havinga fluid port 11.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-6, the diffuser assembly 1 furtherincludes a plurality of centralizing members 16 adjacent to the diffuserscreen 6, wherein each of the centralizing members 16 extends betweenthe mounting member 4 and the bottom cap 10. The three centralizingmembers 16 serve to keep the diffuser screen 6 centered within thecarrier sub 3. It should be understood that the centralizing members 16can take a wide range of structural forms which accomplish the purposeof centering the diffuser screen 6 within the carrier sub 3.

As shown best in FIG. 6, with the cylindrical diffuser screen 6 removedfor clarity, each of the plurality of cutters 7 includes a cutting edge12 and a mounting flange 13, and wherein the mounting flange 13 isadapted to matably engage one of the plurality of diffuser slots 9 ofthe diffuser screen 6. In a preferred embodiment, a first set 14 ofcutters 7 is mounted at a first selected height H1 along the centralaxis 8 of the diffuser screen 6, and a second set 15 of cutters 7 ismounted at a second selected height H2 along the central axis 8 of thediffuser screen 6. In this embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-6, the cutters 7are mounted to the diffuser screen 6 such that the cutting edges 12 areinternal to the diffuser screen 6. It should be understood that eachindividual cutter 7 may reside in any slot 9 to provide a varied andirregular pattern of cutters 7 on the diffuser screen 6. However, it isbelieved that having organized sets of cutters 7 at selected heights mayprovide more consistent separation of LCM aggregations during thediffusion of the fluid through the diffuser assembly 1.

As best shown in FIG. 6, the diffuser assembly 1 further includes abottom cutting device 17 extending from a post 19 affixed to the bottomcap 10 internal to the diffuser screen 6, wherein the cutting device 17includes a plurality of radially disposed cutting edges 18 similar tothe cutters 7 positioned above the cutting device 17. The cutting device17 essentially serves as a third stage cutting step in addition to thefirst and second set 14, 15 of cutters 7, prior to the fluid 20 exitingthe diffuser screen 6 through fluid port 11.

In an operational configuration, fluid 20 flows through the carrier sub3, such as a stabilizer or other type of downhole sub, and into theinlet port 5 of the mounting member 4. Any LCM aggregations or clumps inthe fluid 20 pass against the cutting edges 12 of cutters 7, and areseparated into smaller portions to collect within the diffuser screen 6,while the fluid 20 can exit the diffuser screen 6 through diffuser slots9 and the fluid port 11.

The preferred embodiment described above, as well as the alternateembodiments described below, are effective for diffusion of a wide rangeof fluids and materials, including oil and water based muds, baritedrilling muds, cement, all drilling fluids, spotting acids for break-upof limestone formations, blended materials mixed in blending tanks,breakup of larger masses of carbide bombs, and any other “cake balls”mud clumps, LCM, cement, and the like that form in the string or frompoor blending.

In an alternate embodiment shown in FIGS. 7-11, a similar diffuserassembly is configured to allow the flow of fluid 20 such that LCMaggregations are caused to contact cutters 24 positioned external to thediffuser screen 21, and where LCM too large for the diffuser slots 9 iscollected on the outside of the diffuser screen 21. A mounting member 22(similar to mounting member 4) includes an inlet port 23 for entry offluids 20. The fluid 20 is then diverted by a cone-shaped diversionmember 25 attached to a bridge 26 inside mounting member 22 and disposedbetween the fluid inlet port 23 of the mounting member 22 and thediffuser screen 21.

As shown best in FIG. 11, with the cylindrical diffuser screen 21removed for clarity, each of the plurality of cutters 24 includes acutting edge 27 and a mounting flange 28, and wherein the mountingflange 28 is adapted to matably engage one of the plurality of diffuserslots 9 of the diffuser screen 21. In this embodiment, three sets ofcutters 7 are mounted at selected heights along the central axis 8 ofthe diffuser screen 21, similar to the arrangement seen in FIG. 6.

As shown in FIGS. 7-11, the diffuser assembly 1 further includes a lowerdiffuser element 30 attached below the diffuser screen 21, wherein thelower diffuser element 30 is constructed from a slotted cylinder. Abottom cap 31 is attached to the bottom of lower diffuser element 30,and which includes a fluid exit port 32. A further embodiment is shownin FIGS. 12-16 that is identical to the embodiment of FIGS. 7-11, exceptfor the lower diffuser element 30, which is constructed from verticalrods 33.

As shown in FIG. 17, the diffuser assembly 1 is deployed within anothertype of conduit in the form of a stabilizer 40, which supports thebottom hole assembly (BHA) in the well bore in order to avoidunintentional sidetracking or vibrations, and ensures the quality of thehole being drilled.

As shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B, the diffuser assembly 1 is deployedwithin a section of drill pipe 50 at the level of the rig floor 52. Notethat in FIG. 18A, the diffuser screen 6 includes a retrievable neck 51,as is common in the art, that enables retrieval of the diffuser byconventional fishing tools. FIG. 18B includes an opening as shown inFIG. 5 and elsewhere herein. In this operation, the diffuser 1 isinstalled in the drill pipe 51 while drilling fluids containing LCM arepumped into the well bore during drilling. As the drill string movesdeeper into the well bore and another section of drill pipe 51 isneeded, the diffuser 1 is removed, and the next section of drill pipe 51is threaded onto the drill string at the rig floor 52. After the nextsection of drill pipe 51 is connected, the diffuser 1 is re-installedinto the drill pipe 51, after which the drilling and fluid flow can berestarted. Thus, any clumps of LCM that enter into the drill pipe 51 arediffused by the diffuser 1.

As shown in FIG. 19, the diffuser 1 deployed within a conduit 60 betweena drilling fluid mixing tank 61 and a pump 62 located in proximity tothe rig floor 52. Tank 61 may be a fixed tank, or it may be a mobiletank located on a vehicle such as a truck or other vessel. The left sideof FIG. 19 depicts the arrangement in a partial exploded view, while theright side of FIG. 19 depicts a fully assembled view with typicalvalves, hoses, and connectors to enable fluid flow from the mixing tank61 to the rig floor 52. Thus, any clumps of LCM that exist when thefluid leaves the mixing tank 61 can be diffused by the diffuser 1 priorto being pumped to the rig floor 52.

All references cited in this specification are herein incorporated byreference as though each reference was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference. The citation of any referenceis for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not beconstrued as an admission that the present invention is not entitled toantedate such reference by virtue of prior invention.

It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or twoor more together may also find a useful application in other types ofmethods differing from the type described above. Without furtheranalysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the presentinvention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adaptit for various applications without omitting features that, from thestandpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics ofthe generic or specific aspects of this invention set forth in theappended claims. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way ofexample only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited onlyby the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A diffuser assembly, comprising: (a) adiffuser adapted to reside within a conduit, having an upper membermountable within the conduit and having a fluid inlet port, and a lowersection having a diffuser screen; (b) a plurality of stationarydiffusing members below the fluid inlet port, wherein the diffusingmembers are radially oriented relative to a central axis of thediffuser; and (c) a centralizing member above the diffuser screen havinga diameter greater than the diffuser screen; and wherein the diffuserscreen is a cylinder having a plurality of diffuser slots formed thereinand a bottom cap having a fluid port; and wherein each of the pluralityof diffusing members extends substantially parallel to the central axisand includes a diffusing edge.
 2. The diffuser assembly of claim 1,wherein a first set of diffusing members is mounted at a first selectedheight along the central axis of the diffuser screen, and wherein asecond set of diffusing members is mounted at a second selected heightalong the central axis of the diffuser screen.
 3. The diffuser assemblyof claim 1, wherein the diffusing members are mounted to the diffuserscreen such that the diffusing edges are internal to the diffuserscreen.
 4. The diffuser assembly of claim 1, wherein the diffusingmembers are mounted to the diffuser screen such that the diffusing edgesare external to the diffuser screen.
 5. The diffuser assembly of claim3, further including a plurality of centralizing members adjacent to thediffuser screen.
 6. The diffuser assembly of claim 5, wherein each ofthe centralizing members extends between the mounting member and thebottom cap.
 7. The diffuser assembly of claim 3, further including abottom diffusing device extending from the bottom cap internal to thediffuser screen, wherein the diffusing device includes a plurality ofradially disposed diffusing edges.
 8. The diffuser assembly of claim 4,further including a lower diffuser element below the diffuser screen,wherein the lower diffuser element is constructed from a slottedcylinder.
 9. The diffuser assembly of claim 4, further including a lowerdiffuser element below the diffuser screen, wherein the lower diffuserelement is constructed from vertical rods.
 10. The diffuser assembly ofclaim 4, further including a diversion member disposed between the fluidinlet port of the mounting member and the diffuser screen.
 11. Thediffuser assembly of claim 1, wherein the diffuser assembly ispositioned within a downhole carrier sub inside a well bore.